Research Groups: Friday, October 16

10:00 AM - 11:30 AM: Language Variation and Change Research Group
Presentation by Samantha Jackson (postdoc) on variation in Trinidadian children's speech.

11:30 AM - 1:00 PM: Phonetics/Phonology Research Group
Qandeel Hussain (postdoc): "Development of rhotic vowels in Kalasha: Language contact, sound change, and biomechanical modeling."

Rhotic vowels are found in fewer than 1% of the world's languages. While vowel rhoticity may be considered marginal from a broad crosslinguistic perspective, it is a basic vowel feature in Kalasha, an endangered Dardic (Indo-Aryan) language which contrasts a full set of oral /i e a o u/, nasal /ĩ ẽ ã õ ũ/, rhotic /i˞  e˞  a˞  o˞  u˞ /, and rhotic-nasal /ĩ˞  ẽ˞  ã˞  õ˞  ũ˞ / vowels. In this talk I present findings of an ongoing project which investigates the development of phonemic rhotic vowels in Kalasha.

1:00 PM - 2:00 PM: Syntax Group
Alec Kienzle (Ph.D.): "Insubordination of an SR clause construction."

Recent literature has analyzed switch-reference (SR) as a type of complementizer agreement (Arregi and Hanink 2018, Clem 2019). Subject coreference is tracked through a probe which interacts with both subjects. Inuktitut has a dependent clause construction, the conjunctive mood, which morphologically marks whether its subject has the same or different reference than the matrix clause subject. I look at cases where the conjunctive mood undergoes insubordination (Evans 2007): where the dependent clause can stand alone to express a particular meaning. This phenomenon creates difficulties for assumptions about SR clause derivation, as there is no matrix clause in an insubordinate construction. How can we derive this pattern?

LGCU Welcome Workshop 12

The annual Welcome Workshop held by the Linguistics Graduate Course Union is happening this year on Friday, October 16, from 3:00 PM to 6:00 PM. The workshop is an informal, supportive event aimed at giving incoming graduate students in the MA and Ph.D. programs a chance to introduce their research to each other and to the rest of the department. Everyone is encouraged to attend.

This year's presenters are all beginning either the MA or the Ph.D. program:

• Gregory Antono (Ph.D.): "Countability in Kristang (Melaka Creole Portuguese)."
• Ana Tona Messina (Ph.D.): "Referential density in Tarahumana."
• Nadia Takhtaganova (Ph.D.): "Les titres de civilité : Old French to Modern French honorifics."
• Christina Duong (MA): "The Great Vowel Shift: Shifting the bigger picture."
• Vidhya Elango (MA): "Linguistic capital in Sierra Da Lua, Roraima, Brazil."
• Marjorie Leduc (MA): "A lexical phonological account of Turkana harmony system."
• Justin Leung (MA): "A quantitative approach to the loss of Medieval French verb particles."
• Talia Tahtadjian (MA): "Western Armenian rhotics: Differences in phonemic contrast."

New paper: Soo, Sidiqi, Shah, and Monahan (2020)

Rachel Soo (MA 2018, now at the University of British Columbia), Abdulwahab Sidiqi (BSc 2017), Monica Shah (BSc 2017), and Phil Monahan (faculty) have a new paper in the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 148(4): "Lexical bias in second language perception: Word position, age of arrival, and native language phonology."

The study examines whether non-native listeners leverage their L2 lexicon during a phonetic identification task and whether lexical bias is influenced by word position and length. Native English and native Mandarin speakers were tested on English words where the natural sibilant was replaced by one member of a nine-step [s]/[ʃ] continuum. English speakers experience a lexical bias effect for longer words. No clear bias was observed for Mandarin participants, although age of arrival correlated with amount of lexical bias but only in the initial position of longer words. These results suggest that language proficiency and higher-order linguistic representations drive perception.

Research Groups: Friday, October 9

10:00 AM - 11:30 AM: Psycholinguistics Group
Guest speaker: Jiangtian Li (University of Western Ontario): "On polysemy: a philosophical, psycholinguistic, computational approach."

Most words in natural languages are polysemous, that is they have related but different meanings in different contexts. These polysemous meanings (senses) are marked by their structuredness, flexibility, productivity, and regularity. Previous theories have focused on some of these features but not all of them together. Thus, I propose a new theory of polysemy, which has two components. First, word meaning is actively modulated by broad contexts in a continuous fashion. Second, clustering arises from contextual modulations of a word and is then entrenched in our long term memory to facilitate future production and processing. Hence, polysemous senses are entrenched clusters in contextual modulation of word meaning and a word is polysemous if and only if it has entrenched clustering in its contextual modulation. I argue that this theory explains all the features of polysemous senses. In order to demonstrate more thoroughly how clusters emerge from meaning modulation during processing and provide evidence for this new theory, I implement the theory by training a recurrent neural network (RNN) that learns distributional information through exposure to a large corpus of English. Clusters of contextually modulated meanings emerge from how the model processes individual words in sentences. This trained model is validated against a human-annotated corpus of polysemy, focusing on the gradedness and flexibility of polysemous sense individuation, a human-annotated corpus of regular polysemy, focusing on the regularity of polysemy, and behavioral findings of offline sense relatedness ratings and online sentence processing. Last, the implication to philosophy of this new theory of polysemy is discussed. I focus on the debate between semantic minimalism and semantic contextualism. I argue that the phenomenon of polysemy poses a severe challenge to semantic minimalism. No solution is foreseeable if the minimalist thesis is kept, and the existence of contextual modulation is denied within the literal truth condition of an utterance.

1:00 PM - 2:30 PM: Semantics Research Group
Guillaume Thomas (faculty) presenting on collaborative work with language consultant Germino Duarte: "Switch-Reference: Syntax and/or (discourse) semantics?"

Guest speaker: Anne Charity Hudley (University of California, Santa Barbara)

We are delighted to (virtually) welcome Anne Charity Hudley, who is a Professor and the North Hall Endowed Chair in the Linguistics of African America at the University of California, Santa Barbara. A renowned sociolinguist and scholar of pedagogy, she has been at the helm of extensive, constant, hands-on work that identifies and dismantles the barriers to success in academic environments that disproportionately affect those from racialized/marginalized/low-income backgrounds. Her talk, "A roadmap for inclusion in linguistics," will probe the projects that the Department of Linguistics at UCSB has undertaken to counter the systemic forces that turn away marginalized populations at every level of mainstream education. The talk will be taking place online via Zoom on Friday, October 9, from 3:00 PM to 4:30 PM, with a reception to follow.

The University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB) is the highest ranked and highest resourced Minority Serving Institution in the world. Considering the designation as both an honor and a call to action, the UCSB Linguistics Department is working to make significant changes to its faculty and student recruitment, its undergraduate and graduate curriculum, and its research and outreach focus. Charity Hudley will focus on methods and models used to engage people in inclusion in linguistics from secondary school through emeritus status, and she will also share challenges that our department has met along the way with a focus on interdepartmental, institutional, and disiplinary concerns. She will focus on three programs that UCSB Linguistics has developed in recent years: School Kids Investigating Language in Life and Society (SKILLS), UCSB-HBCU Scholars in Linguistics, and the Sneak Peek student recruitment event.

New paper: Brook (2020)

Marisa Brook (faculty) has a new paper in Linguistics Vanguard, 6(1): "I feel like and it feels like: Two paths to the emergence of epistemic markers."

The collocation I feel like has attracted American media attention for reportedly being newly ubiquitous (Baker 2013, Smith 2015, Worthen 2016). While I have proposed that it is becoming an epistemic marker in North American dialects of English (Brook 2011: 65), I have made this prediction of (it) feels like as well. The present study artificially restricts the conventional envelope of variation to evaluate what distinguishes these two phrases in vernacular Canadian English. I feel like is the more frequent by far, but (it) feels like shows a specialization for metaphorical subordinate clauses rather than concrete ones. I interpret this as a case of persistence (Torres Cacoullos and Walker 2009). Before the arrival of the like complementizer, the only predecessors to (it) feels like were (it) feels as if and (it) feels as though, and both as if and as though have a preference for metaphoricality (Brook 2014). I feel like was also preceded by options with as if and as though, but counterbalanced with that and Ø, which prefer concrete subordinate clauses (Brook 2014). The results attest to the value to be found in (cautiously) conducting a microscopic study of a corner of the envelope of variation.

New paper: Ryu, Kang, and Han (2020)

Na-Young Ryu (Ph.D. 2019, now at Pennsylvania State University), Yoonjung Kang (faculty), and Sungwoo Han (Inha University) have a new paper in Language Research, 56(2): "The effects of phonetic duration on loanword adaptation: Mandarin falling diphthong in Chinese Korean."

This study examines how Mandarin falling sonority diphthongs are adapted to a Chinese Korean dialect. It investigates how the subtle phonetic conditions of the source language affect adaptation, and if and how those phonetic effects differ in established loanwords compared to the on-line adaptation of novel loan forms. We found that in this bilingual population, while the Mandarin diphthongs are usually adapted as monophthongs, obeying the native phonological restriction against falling diphthongs, the retention of the input diphthongs in violation of the native constraint is also quite common. Additionally, we found that the choice of the monophthong vs. diphthong realization is strongly affected by the input phonetic duration and in particular, the durational difference among the different tones is robustly reflected in the adaptation patterns.

Research Groups: Friday, October 2

10:00 AM - 11:30 AM: Language Variation and Change Research Group
Discovery day: group discussion of ideas and insights!

1:00 PM - 2:30 PM: Fieldwork Group
Guest speaker: Javier Domingo (Université de Montréal) on his work with L1 speakers of extremely endangered indigenous languages from Central and South America (Ayapaneco, Tehuelche, Chaná and Yagan) and the construction of the notion of a language's 'last speaker'.

New paper: Konnelly (2020)

Lex Konnelly (Ph.D.) has a new paper in Language and Communication, 75: "Brutoglossia: Democracy, authenticity, and the enregisterment of connoisseurship in 'craft beer talk'."

Building on Silverstein's (2003, 2016) oinoglossia (wine talk), this paper argues for a closely related genre: brutoglossia, (craft) beer talk. Drawing on a corpus of craft beer and brewery descriptions from Toronto, Canada, I argue that the appropriation of wine terminology and tasting practices (re)configures beer brewers and drinkers as ‘elite’ and ‘classy.’ The ‘specialist’ lexical and morphosyntactic components of wine discourse provide the higher order of indexicality through which the emergent technical beer terminology is to be interpreted. Together, the descriptions can be read as fields of indexicalities, mapping linguistic and semiotic variables associated with a particular social object: beer. 

Congratulations, Nicholas!

Congratulations to Nicholas Rolle (MA 2010, now at Princeton University), who has accepted a postdoctoral fellowship at the Leibniz-Zentrum Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft in Berlin!

Congratulations, Marisa and Nathan!

The Linguistics Graduate Course Union has announced their annual awards for Excellence in TA Supervision for 2019-20. This year, the award recognizes Marisa Brook (faculty), with an honorable mention to Nathan Sanders (faculty). Congratulations to both!

New paper: Lima and Martins (2020)

Suzi Lima (faculty) and Adriana Leitão Martins (Federal University of Rio de Janeiro) have a paper out in the Journal of Portuguese Linguistics, 19(1): "Aspectual information of durativity/punctuality impacts the countability of deverbal nouns in Brazilian Portuguese."

This paper explores the countability of deverbal bare singular nouns in Brazilian Portuguese, such as chute ‘kick’ in Maria deu mais chute ‘Maria did more kicking/Maria did more kicks’. More specifically, it investigates whether the aspectual information of a verb impacts the count (cardinal interpretation) or mass (volume/intensity interpretation) interpretation of a bare singular noun. Based on the results of a forced choice task replicating Barner, Wagner, and Snedeker (2008) for English, we show that deverbal bare singulars in Brazilian Portuguese allow count and mass interpretations, depending on the aspectual features of the verbs they are derived from. Punctual events were more likely than durative events to be associated with a cardinal/count response. These results corroborate previous analysis of bare singulars in Brazilian Portuguese, whereby these nouns allow both count and mass interpretations (Pires de Oliveira and Rothstein 2011b).

Research Groups: Friday, September 25

10:00 AM - 11:30 AM: Psycholinguistics Group
Presentation by Nayoun Kim (postdoc).

11:30 AM - 1:00 PM: Phonetics/Phonology Research Group
Elan Dresher (faculty): "Foundations of contrastive hierarchy theory."

I will present a brief introduction to a theory of contrastive feature hierarchies in phonology. This theory builds on ideas that go back to the early days of modern phonology, to the work of Henry Sweet and Edward Sapir. Most directly, the theory adapts proposals by Roman Jakobson and N. S. Trubetzkoy to the generative framework of Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle. The first part of this talk will be a historical review of these sources. In the second part I will set out the main tenets of Contrastive Hierarchy Theory (CHT) and consider what implications they have for our understanding of phonological features. I will show how contrastive feature hierarchies contribute to illuminating analyses of synchronic and diachronic phonology.

1:00 PM - 2:00 PM: Syntax Group
Andrew Peters (Ph.D.): "Is the Mongolian complementizer gejü really a complementizer?"

The Mongolian complementizer gejü is formed from a verb of saying and the imperfective converbial marker -jü. It is not uncommon for verbs of saying used in quotative constructions to become grammaticalized as general complementizers (cf. e.g. Japanese toiu). However, Mongolian gejü maintains some features of its adjunct-y origins: the clauses it subordinates can only appear in what superficially (putatively?) look like verbal complements, and not in subject or PP complement positions; it is entirely un-utilised in relative clauses; it appears in some aspectual constructions e.g. producing prospective aspect. Also, while the verbal root ge- is rarely used as a matrix verb of speech in the modern language, it can be used in other non-finite forms such as the habitual masdar.  Is gejü actually a fully grammaticalized complementizer with some quirky restrictions, and the other uses are separate productive instances of a homophonous verb root that just happens to share historical origins with gejü? Or is gejü still a fully verbal form, and the complementizer analysis has simply been taken for granted since it was asserted by some Eurocentric German philologists (Ramstedt and Poppe) in the first half of the 20th century? I don't know! However, I would like to show you some data and compare these complement clauses with nominalized ones in the language, and maybe get some advice on what to look into.

Talk by Nathan, Lex, and Pocholo for Arts and Science

For the 'Teaching and Learning Community of Practice' series hosted by Arts and Science, Nathan Sanders (faculty), Lex Konnelly (Ph.D.), and Pocholo Umbal (Ph.D.) are giving an online presentation on Tuesday, September 22, from 2 PM to 3:15 PM, based on the ongoing LEAF-funded project in our department: "Building equity, diversity, and inclusion in courses: A case study in linguistics." There will also be ample time for discussion. To register to attend, visit the link.

In linguistics courses, language-related biases can surface in many forms, affecting the choice of course material (especially linguistic data), how that material is presented, and how instructors interact with students. We began a three-year project in September 2019 to address some of these biases in the linguistics classroom, with the ultimate goal of generalizing the methods and materials to other fields.

In this session, we present some preliminary results of this project from the first year in various linguistics courses, including new course content on the relationship of phonetics to gender, race and sign languages; new problem sets featuring data from under-represented languages; and workshops on inclusive classroom practices. We will also discuss paths forward for creating more affirming classrooms beyond linguistics, especially in fields where issues of language can play a central role (English, psychology, etc.).

Research Groups: Friday, September 18

Note that all groups are meeting online until otherwise indicated; see the emails from group administrators for links and for further details. Also note that subsequent meetings of the Fieldwork Group this semester will be in the afternoon time-slot instead (1 PM - 2:30 PM).

10:00 AM - 11:30 AM: Language Variation and Change Research Group
Jeremy Needle (postdoc): "Two computational studies of lexical knowledge in te reo Māori in NZ."

The two studies presented in this talk demonstrate our efforts with computational and experimental approaches to replicate and extend traditional formal descriptions of te reo Māori. In the first study, we compare wordlikeness ratings for words and non-words to gradient phonotactic scores based on subsets of the lexicon derived from spoken and written corpora. In additional to deriving a gradient probabilistic description of Māori phonotactics which extends prior phonological work, we find that non-Māori-speaking New Zealanders demonstrate wordlikeness knowledge of Māori which suggests form-only familiarity with about 2000 morphemes. The importance of morphology in the lexical model for this study spurred us toward the second study: a quantitative survey of morphological patterns in Māori which combines knowledge from expert informants with machine-learning morphological parsing models. Among our findings, we particularly note that our native-speaker informants do not appear sensitive to the same taxonomy of reduplication patterns that appear in traditional grammars.

11:30 AM - 1:00 PM: Fieldwork Group
Introductions and group discussion of developing elicitation materials.

1:00 PM - 2:30 PM: Semantics Research Group
1. Angelika Kiss (Ph.D.): "Question tags projecting sourcehood in Italian."

Question tags like isn't it or right? in English can serve the purpose of eliciting confirmation or acknowledgment from the addressee. In Italian, no?, o sbaglio? and vero? have such a function, but there is another tag in its inventory, eh?, which is subject to further restrictions. In addition to elicit the addressee's acknowledgment/confirmation, eh? also conveys evidential meaning. When a tag question hosts eh?, the speaker conveys i) that the addressee is independently committed to the proposition conveyed by the anchor (p), and presupposes ii) that the speaker knows i) from a direct source. That is, a question like Buono, eh? 'It's tasty, EH?', is pronounced felicitously in a context where the speaker directly perceives an event where the addressee has direct evidence for the truth of p (i.e., that whatever the addressee is eating, the addressee finds it tasty). Acknowledging a tag question like Buono, eh? results in registering p as a projected independent commitment of the addressee on the scoreboard of Farkas and Roelofsen (2012).

2. Michela Ippolito (faculty): "Gestures and the semantics of non-canonical questions."

I argue that both the co-speech and pro-speech symbolic gesture MAT (mano a tulipano) used by native speakers of Italian characterizes non-canonical wh-questions. MAT can be executed with either a fast tempo contour or a slow tempo contour. Tempo is semantically significant: descriptively, a fast tempo characterizes a biased but information-seeking non-canonical question; a slow tempo characterizes a rhetorical non-canonical question. I argue that the fast contour is the default tempo of MAT and that it brings about a biased interpretation. Slowing down the movement occurs when the feature [slow] is added: the semantic contribution of this feature is to add the presupposition that the question is resolved in the conversational context. This results in generalizing the speaker's bias to all discourse participants. More generally, I aim to show that both modalities (speech and gesture) can be analyzed and modelled using the same linguistic tools and principles.

AMP 2020

The 2020 Annual Meeting on Phonology is taking place online from September 18 through 20, hosted by the University of California, Santa Cruz. Note that registration is free but will close on September 13.

Current members of the department who are presenting:

• Koorosh Ariyaee (Ph.D.) and Peter Jurgec (faculty): "Variable hiatus in Persian is affected by suffix length."
  
• Alexei Kochetov (faculty), along with Jason Shaw (Yale University), Sejin Oh (CUNY Graduate Center), and Karthik Durvasula (Michigan State University): "Distinguishing complex segments from consonant clusters using gestural coordination."
• Peter Jurgec (faculty) is also co-presenting a poster with Jesse Zymet (University of California, Berkeley): "Slovenian speakers learn the lexical propensities of individual affixes."

Alumni:

• Fulang Cater Chen (MA 2017, now at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology): "On the left-/right-branching asymmetry in Mandarin Tone 3 sandhi."
• Gloria Mellesmoen (MA 2016, now at the University of British Columbia) and Suzanne Urbanczyk (University of Victoria): "Binarity in prosodic morphology and elsewhere."
• Nicholas Rolle (MA 2010, now at Leibniz-Zentrum Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft) and John Merrill (Princeton University): "Tone-driven vowel epenthesis is possible: Evidence from Wamey."

In addition, please note that next year's Annual Meeting on Phonology will be co-hosted by the University of Toronto and York University. It will be held online from October 1 through 3, 2021.

Experiments in Linguistic Meaning 1

The first Experiments in Linguistic Meaning (ELM 1) is being held online from September 16 through 18, hosted by the University of Pennsylvania. This new conference investigates experimental approaches to theoretical semantics and pragmatics.

• Suzi Lima (faculty) is giving an invited talk: "Defining atoms: a view from Brazilian languages."

And several alumni are involved with presentations:

• Ailís Cournane (Ph.D. 2015, now at New York University) with Anouk Dieuleveut (University of Maryland) and Valentine Hacquard (University of Maryland): "Finding the force: A novel word learning experiment with modals."
• Naomi Francis (MA 2014 and recent faculty, now at the University of Oslo) with Leo Rosenstein (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Martin Hackl (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), and Shuli Jones (Massachusetts Institute of Technology): "On the acquisition of either and too."
• Giuseppe Ricciardi (MA 2016, now at Harvard University)with Rachel A. Ryskin (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and Ted Gibson (Massachusetts Institute of Technology): "Epistemic 'must p' is literally a strong statement."

New paper: Kochetov and Arsenault (2019)

Alexei Kochetov (faculty) and Paul Arsenault (Ph.D. 2012, now at Tyndale University College) have a paper available in the Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics, 6(2): "Kalasha affricates: An acoustic analysis of place contrasts." 

Affricates are not uncommon in consonant inventories of world languages. However, most languages have affricates at a single place of articulation (e. g. postalveolars /ʧ, ʤ/; Maddieson 1984). In Maddieson and Precoda’s (1990) sample of 451 languages, only 18% of them have affricates at two places, and just 3% have affricates at three places. The latter group includes Burushaski (isolate), Jaqaru (Aymaran), Mandarin Chinese (Sino-Tibetan), and Mazatec (Oto-Manguean), where affricates contrast at the dental/alveolar, retroflex, and alveolopalatal places of articulation. Kalasha and other Indo-Iranian (Indo-Aryan and Nuristani) languages of the Hindu-Kush region are not part of this sample, but they exhibit equally complex place contrasts in affricates, which are not characteristic of other Indo-Iranian languages. For instance, Kalasha features a three-way place contrast (dental, retroflex, and alveolopalatal) with four laryngeal qualities: voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated, voiced, and breathy voiced. Such complex feature combinations are highly unusual in affricates, being reported in only two cases in Maddieson and Precoda’s sample: Naxi (Sino-Tibetan) and Hmong (Hmong-Mien). In this paper we examine properties of the typologically rare set of affricates in Kalasha, focusing on the acoustic realization of place across various laryngeal contrasts and syllable positions. Our results demonstrate that the three-way place contrast in Kalasha affricates is robustly distinguished by noise spectra during burst/frication and by formant transitions during adjacent vowels, while showing some variation across different laryngeal classes. These results extend the phonetic typology of coronal place contrasts, highlighting some general and language-specific aspects of the phonetic realization of affricates. In addition, the results of the study contribute to the general phonetic documentation of Kalasha, the language of a culturally and linguistically threatened community of Northern Pakistan (Rahman 2006; Khan and Heegård Petersen 2016).

Sinn und Bedeutung 25

Sinn und Bedeutung 25 is taking place online, co-hosted by University College London and Queen Mary University of London, from September 3 through 9. Special sessions are being held in the two days before that.

• Angelika Kiss (Ph.D.) and Roger Yu-Hsiang Lo (University of British Columbia) are presenting a talk: "Rhetorical wh-questions differing in inquisitiveness: Support from Mandarin prosody."
• Naomi Francis (MA 2014 and recent faculty, now at the University of Oslo) is giving a talk at the associated workshop on Gestures and Natural Language Semantics: "Objecting to discourse moves with gestures."

New paper: Schertz and Khan (2020)

Jessamyn Schertz (faculty) and Sarah Khan (MA) have a paper out in the Journal of Phonetics, 81: "Acoustic cues in production and perception of the four-way stop laryngeal contrast in Hindi and Urdu."

This work examines cue weighting in production and perception of the four-way laryngeal contrast in Hindi and Urdu. Previous work has consistently identified several cues, including prevoicing (duration), aspiration (duration), voice quality, and f0, that are relevant to the contrast, although the phonetic specification of the contrast, and particularly the status of the so-called “voiced aspirates,” remains unclear. In this work, we confirm the importance of prevoicing and aspiration to the contrast overall, but argue that voice quality (murmur or breathy voice) best distinguishes the voiced aspirates in production. In perception, listeners make use of all cues, in line with production patterns. Tokens in which concurrent prevoicing and aspiration are categorically identified as voiced aspirates, indicating that the joint presence of these two cues is sufficient for voiced stop identification and demonstrating the primacy of these features over all of the others tested. At the same time, neither prevoicing nor aspiration is strictly necessary for voiced aspirate identification; a stop token be perceived as a voiced aspirate even when one of these is absent, as long as the breathy voice quality also characteristic of voiced aspirates is present. We attribute the disproportionately large perceptual category space for voiced aspirates to the variability of voiced aspirates in production.