May 31, 2021

New paper: Hirayama, Colantoni, and Pérez-Leroux (2021)

Manami Hirayama (Ph.D. 2009, now at Seikei University), Laura Colantoni (faculty), and Ana Teresa Pérez-Leroux (faculty) have a paper in the Journal of Child Language, 48(3): "Can prosody encode recursive embedding? Children's realizations of complex NPs in Japanese."

Recursive NPs are difficult to produce and late to emerge. We compare prosodic and syntactic abilities in Japanese-speaking five- and six-year-olds (n = 28) and adults (n = 10). It is reported that syntactic structure in Japanese is prosodically marked via downstep and metrical boost. Results of an elicited imitation task suggested that children had acquired the lexical prosody (contrast between accented and unaccented words), a pre-requisite for downstep realization. While downstep, the prosodic phrasing involved in the complex NPs in this study, was established, children showed interspeaker variation with the metrical boost, a feature that distinguishes recursively embedded NPs from non-recursive NPs. However, variability was also found in adults, indicating that, in contrast to previous results, prosodic encoding of syntax is generally unreliable in adult speech. Finally, the magnitude of metrical boost was not correlated to children's ability to produce recursive possessives, suggesting that prosody does not help bootstrap Japanese children's recursive phrases.

May 30, 2021

28th Manchester Phonology Meeting

The 28th Manchester Phonology Meeting took place online from May 26 through 28, co-hosted by a mix of scholars, mostly based at either the University of Manchester or the University of Edinburgh.

  • Andrei Munteanu (Ph.D.) presented a poster: "A union of quantitative and traditional approaches in historical linguistics."
  • Gloria Mellesmoen (MA 2016, now at the University of British Columbia) gave a talk: "Words without vowels, reduplication, and syllable structure in Bella Coola (Nuxalk)."
  • Recent faculty member Aleksei Nazarov (Utrecht University) also gave a talk: "Modelling the exceptionality/opacity dilemma in acquiring Bedouin Arabic."

May 29, 2021

AFLA 28

The 28th meeting of the Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association (AFLA 28) is being held online from May 25 through 28, co-hosted by McGill University and the National University of Singapore.

  • Connie Ting (MA 2018, now at McGill University), as well as being one of the conference organizers, is giving a talk: "Malagasy N-bonding: A licensing approach."

May 28, 2021

WSCLA 25

The 25th Workshop on Structure and Constituency in Languages of the Americas (WSCLA 25) is taking place online from May 28 through 30, hosted by Sogang University. Michael Barrie (Ph.D. 2006, now at Sogang University) and Michelle Yuan (MA 2013, now at the University of California, San Diego) are two of the three organizers.

  • Guillaume Thomas (faculty) is giving one of the invited talks: "Restructuring evidentials in Mbyá."
  • Virgilio Partida-Peñalva (Ph.D.) has a presentation: "The stative-inchoative alternation in Mazahua: A morphosyntactic account of the derivation of inchoatives."
  • Rosemary Webb (BA 2019, now at Simon Fraser University) is also giving a presentation: "Viewpoint in Hul'q'umi'num co-speech gestures."

May 27, 2021

Workshop: The Nominal Approach to Clausal Complementation

In conjunction with a large project backed by Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation, the University of Patras hosted an online workshop on May 27 with the theme of 'The Nominal Approach to Clausal Complementation'.

  • Keir Moulton (faculty) gave one of the two invited talks: "Locating nominal properties of clauses: Lessons from pseudo-relatives and sentential subjects."

May 26, 2021

In memoriam: Katherine Barber (1959-2021)

We are very saddened to have learned of the loss of Katherine Barber, prominent lexicographer of Canadian English and longtime friend and colleague of the Department of Linguistics at the University of Toronto (as well as a singer alongside a proportion of us at St. Thomas's Anglican Church).

Jack Chambers (faculty), who served as Editorial Advisor for the Canadian Oxford Dictionary, has kindly shared this appreciation:

Katherine Barber, known to morning radio listeners in the 1990s as the Word Lady and to countless word-seekers as the editor of the splendid Canadian Oxford Dictionary, died on April 24 of brain cancer. She was 61.

Katherine was a frequent guest at the university. Her last visit was about ten years ago as part of an eclectic usage panel put together by Carol Percy, language maven of the English department, with journalist/cartoonist Warren Clements and others. By then, Oxford University Press had shut down its dictionary department in Canada, and Katherine was engrossed in ballet, her other great passion, as manager and guide for Tours en l’Air, taking balletomanes to performances by the leading companies around the world.

The Canadian Oxford Dictionary, though only one of her accomplishments, was a phenomenon. When it was published in 1998, it was immediately adopted as the standard guidebook by the Canadian Press and most periodicals, and it sat on the Globe and Mail bestseller list for over a year. Its distinction was the result of Katherine's enacting lexicography in its purest form, by assembling readers to pore over documents and keep a record of every meaning and usage they found. That was the method established by the monumental Oxford English Dictionary, and it was laborious – 27 years for the first fascicle, 43 more years for all the rest (1884-1927). Since then, most dictionary-makers have cut corners by using existing databases (notably the OED), and adding as many original documents as practicable. Not Katherine. She trained five readers in her Don Mills office and in five years they pored over 8,000 publications – novels, newspapers, supermarket flyers, Canadian Tire catalogues, and much more. Among its 300,000 entries, they documented hundreds of Canadianisms (including "Canadianism"). Along with the expected "butter tart," "loonie," and "double double," they discovered the idiosyncratically Canadian verbs in "The caretaker will salt the steps," and "I’m going to shovel the driveway," and the homely "mitt" for fingerless woollies as well as the catcher's gear, and "scraper" applied to ice as well as mud or fish scales.

Though soft-spoken, she was the boss lady as well as the Word Lady. One morning, Katherine and I were guests on a CBC radio show called "And Sometimes Y." We were greeted at the station by Tom Howell, the "in-house word nerd" (his description) who had been trained in Katherine's atelier. "I’m surprised you have made it through seven shows," she told him, with a small grin, "before you got around to inviting me." In the company of two people who knew so well what she had accomplished, it just seemed a matter of fact.

May 25, 2021

New paper: Kang and Schertz (2021)

Yoonjung Kang (faculty) and Jessamyn Schertz (faculty) have a paper out in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 39(2): "The influence of perceived L2 sound categories in on-line adaptation and implications for loanword phonology."

Some propose that loanword adaptation is at its core non-native perception of foreign input (Boersma and Hamann 2009; Peperkamp et al. 2008; Silverman 1992). It has also been noted, however, that cross-language correspondences in loanwords are far more consistent than expected based on on-line perception by naïve monolinguals. There is also evidence that cross-language perception itself differs depending on adapters’ experience with the source language (henceforth, L2) (Bundgaard-Nielsen et al. 2011; Kwon 2017; Nomura and Ishikawa 2018). These findings suggest that cross-language perception is mediated by adapters’ knowledge of L2 sound structure, rather than a simple function of native language (L1) perception applied to L2 acoustic signals. The current study presents a direct test of the influence of L1 vs. L2 perceptual strategies on cross-language speech perception through a series of phonetic categorization experiments in three language modes: L1, L2, and L2L1 (cross-language). Results point to a distinct influence of listener’s L2 knowledge on cross-language perception: L2L1 mapping was well explained by listeners’ L2 perceptual strategies, and for those listeners who showed different perceptual patterns for L1 and L2, cross-language perception more closely mirrored L2 than L1 perception. By demonstrating that perceived L2 phonological categories shape cross-language perception, the study suggests a way to reconcile the perceptual view of loanword adaptation with the phonological regularity of established loanwords.

May 24, 2021

Research Groups: Week of May 24-28

Wednesday, May 26, 11:00 AM - 12:30 PM: Syntax Group
The first of two sets of practice talks for the Canadian Linguistic Association meeting in June:

1. Michelle Troberg (faculty): "Towards a syntactic typology of prepositions in French."

2. Samuel Jambrović (Ph.D., Department of Spanish and Portuguese): "Obviating lexicalism: A structural account of exocentricity and metaphorical extension."

May 20, 2021

TOM 13

At last, our department is delighted to be hosting the thirteenth Toronto-Ottawa-Montreal Semantics Workshop (TOM 13), which could not be held last year. It will be taking place online on Friday, May 21. Alongside participants from several other institutions in the area, we have six graduate students taking part:

  • Alec Kienzle (Ph.D.): "A reassessment of the semantics and pragmatics of English rise-fall-rise intonation."
  • Angelika Kiss (Ph.D.): "Epistemic stance in declarative questions."
  • Crystal Chen (MA): "A comparison of recent literature on demonstratives."
  • Bruno Andreotti (Ph.D.) has a poster: "Lexical semantics and model theory: Modelling differences between taxonomic conventions."
  • Gregory Antono (Ph.D.) also has a poster: "Biased questions in Colloquial Singapore English: The case of 'meh"."
  • Samuel Jambrović (Ph.D., Department of Spanish and Portuguese) has a poster as well: "The singular plurality of family reference."

May 19, 2021

Lavender Languages and Linguistics 27

Lavender Languages and Linguistics 27 is taking place online from May 21 through 23, hosted by the California Institute of Integral Studies.

  • Lex Konnelly (Ph.D.) is part of a talk with Archie Crowley (University of South Carolina): "The 'transgender couple': Transnormativity, trans separatism, and the discourse of t4t."

May 18, 2021

DiGS and SCiP 2021

Diachronic Generative Syntax (DiGS) 22 is taking place online from May 20 through 22, hosted by the University of Konstanz. Preceding the conference is an accompanying workshop, Syntactic Change in Progress (SCiP).

  • Sali A. Tagliamonte (faculty) is giving one of the keynote talks for SCiP: "Studying syntactic change in (mostly) synchronic data: The view from 20th century Ontario, Canada."
  • Ailís Cournane (Ph.D. 2015, now at New York University) and Sandrine Tailleur (Ph.D. 2012, now at l'Université du Québec à Chicoutimi) have a presentation for DiGS: "Where do maybes come from? The interaction of history and acquisition."
  • Ailís Cournane (Ph.D. 2015, now at New York University) is also part of a DiGS talk with Espen Klævik-Pettersen (University of Agder): "The role of the conservative learner in the rise and fall of verb-second."

May 17, 2021

NWLC 37

The 37th annual Northwest Linguistics Conference was held online, hosted by the University of British Columbia, from May 14 through 16.

  • Rachel Soo (MA 2018, now at the University of British Columbia) and Molly Babel (University of British Columbia) presented: "A Cantonese sound change in a Cantonese-English bilingual lexicon."

May 16, 2021

FASL 30

The 30th annual meeting of Formal Approaches to Slavic Linguistics (FASL) is being held online from May 13 through 16, hosted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

  • Paulina Łyskawa (MA 2015, now at the University of Maryland) is giving one of the plenary talks: "Coordination and agreement variability is not what they seem: Resolution is grammar-external."

May 15, 2021

New paper: Gardner, Denis, Brook, and Tagliamonte (2021)

Matt Hunt Gardner (Ph.D. 2017, now at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven), Derek Denis (faculty), Marisa Brook (faculty), and Sali A. Tagliamonte (faculty) have a paper in English Language and Linguistics, 57(2): "Be like and the Constant Rate Effect: From the bottom to the top of the S-curve."

The be like quotative emerged rapidly around the English-speaking world and has quickly saturated the quotative systems of young speakers in multiple countries. We study be like (and its covariants) in two communities – Toronto, Canada, and York, United Kingdom – in apparent time and at two separate points in real time. We trace the apparent-time trajectory of be like and its covariants from inception to saturation. We take advantage of the prodigious size of our dataset to examine understudied aspects of the linguistic factors that condition quotative variation. Building on earlier suggestions (Cukor-Avila 2002; Durham et al. 2012) that be like might show patterning over time consistent with the Constant Rate Effect (or CRE, Kroch 1989), we argue that the CRE does indeed apply to the rise of be like, but needs to be handled with care. Logistic modelling assumes that the top of the S-curve is located at 100 per cent of a given variable context. In the case of be like, the saturation point is nearer 75–85 per cent, with minor variants retaining small semantic footholds in the system. In conjunction with our analysis, we suggest how to adapt the predictions of the CRE to changes likely to lead to saturation but not categorical use.

May 14, 2021

New paper: Dresher and Hall (2021)

Elan Dresher (faculty) and Daniel Currie Hall (Ph.D. 2007, now at St. Mary's University) have a paper in the Journal of Linguistics, 57(2): "The road not taken: The Sound Pattern of Russian and the history of contrast in phonology."

This article examines a turning point in the history of the theory of phonological distinctive features. In Morris Halle's (1959) The Sound Pattern of Russian, features are organized into a contrastive hierarchy designed to minimize the number of specified features. Redundancy rules, however, ensure that the resulting underspecification has no real phonological consequences and, in subsequent generative approaches to phonology, contrastive hierarchies were largely abandoned. We explore how Halle's hierarchy would have been different if it had been based on phonological patterns such as voicing assimilation, and show that this reorganization makes plausible predictions about other aspects of Russian phonology. We conclude by pointing to recent work in which the concept of a contrastive hierarchy has been revived, illustrating the range of phenomena that this theoretical device can account for if minimizing specifications is not the primary concern.

May 13, 2021

CASCA 2021

This year's annual meeting of the Canadian Anthropology Society/Société canadienne d'anthropologie (CASCA) is taking place online from May 12 through 15, hosted by the University of Guelph. Several of our departmental members are involved:

  • Vidhya Elango (MA) and Derek Denis (faculty) have a presentation: "Social media and the enregisterment of Multicultural Toronto English."
  • Alejandro Paz (faculty) is a discussant on a panel entitled "(Re)contextualizing linguistic difference: Negotiating identity in new communicative settings."

May 12, 2021

GLAC 2021

The 27th Germanic Linguistics Annual Conference (GLAC 27) is taking place online from May 12 through 14, hosted by the University of Wisconsin, Madison.

  • Bettina Spreng (Ph.D. 2012, now at the University of Saskatchewan) is presenting: "Am-progressives in Swabian."

May 11, 2021

Congratulations, Alexei and Paul and coauthors!

Congratulations to Alexei Kochetov (faculty), Paul Arsenault (Ph.D. 2012, now at Tyndale University College), and coauthors Jan Heegård Petersen (Københavns Universitet), Sikandar Kalas (Central Film School, London), and Taj Khan Kalash (Kalasha Heritage Conservation Initiative). As part of the Illustrations of the IPA series in the Journal of the International Phonetic Association, this team has a forthcoming profile of the phonetics of Kalasha (Bumburet variety), and it has just been awarded the journal's first Most Illustrative Illustration Prize. Wonderful news!

May 10, 2021

New paper: Franco and Tagliamonte (2021)

Karlien Franco (former postdoc, now at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven) and Sali A. Tagliamonte (faculty) have a paper out in American Speech, 96(2): "Interesting fellow or tough old bird?: Third-person male referents in Ontario."

English has many words to refer to an adult man (e.g., man, guy, dude), and these are undergoing change in the Ontario dialects. This article analyzes the distribution of these and related forms using data collected in Ontario, Canada. In total, 6,788 tokens for 17 communities were extracted and analyzed with a comparative sociolinguistics methodology for social and geographic factors. The results demonstrate a substantive language change in progress with two striking patterns. First, male speakers in Ontario were the leaders of this change in the past. However, as guy gained prominence across the twentieth century, women started using it as frequently as men. Second, these developments are complicated by the complexity of the sociolinguistic landscape. There is a clear urban versus peripheral division across Ontario communities that also involves both population size and distance from the large urban center, Toronto. Further, social network type and other local influences are also important. In sum, variation in third-person singular male referents in Ontario dialects provides new insight into the co-occurrence and evolution of sociolinguistic factors in the process of language change.

May 9, 2021

New book: Fábregas, Acedo-Matellán, Armstrong, Cuervo, and Payet (eds.) (2021)

Congratulations to Cristina Cuervo (faculty) and her co-editors Antonio Fábregas (University of Tromsø/Arctic University of Norway), Víctor Acedo-Matellán (University of Oxford), Grant Armstrong (University of Wisconsin, Madison), and Isabel Pujol Payet (Universitat de Girona) on the publication of the Routledge Handbook of Spanish Morphology! In spite of recent extenuating circumstances, this landmark effort consisting of 42 chapters has reached publication on schedule. Well done, all!

May 8, 2021

GALANA 9

The ninth biennial Generative Approaches to Language Acquisition – North America (GALANA) is taking place online from May 7 through 9, with the Institute of Linguistics at the University of Iceland hosting.

  • Ailís Cournane (Ph.D. 2015, now at New York University), Anouk Dieuleveut (University of Maryland), Chiara Repetti-Ludlow (New York University), and Valentine Hacquard (University of Maryland) have a presentation: "Testing modal force acquisition beyond the epistemic paradigm."
  • Lyn Tieu (MA 2013, now at Western Sydney University) is part of a poster presentation with Cory Bill (Leibniz-Zentrum Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft), Elena Pagliarini (Università degli Studi di Padova), Jacopo Romoli (University of Bergen), and Stephen Crain (Macquarie University): "Children's interpretations of every...some sentences."

May 7, 2021

SALT 31

Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT) 31 is taking place online from May 7 through 9, hosted by Brown University; two alumni are presenting:

  • Julie Goncharov (Ph.D. 2015, now at the University of Tromsø) and Lavi Wolf (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev): "Deriving polarity from granularity."
  • Filipe Hisao Kobayashi (MA graduate, Department of Spanish and Portuguese, now at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) and Vincent Rouillard (Massachusetts Institute of Technology): "Which singular wh-interrogatives admit plural answers in Brazilian Portuguese?"

May 6, 2021

Chicago Linguistic Society 2021

The 56th annual meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society is meeting online, hosted by the University of Chicago, from May 6 through 8. We have two alumni on the program:

  • Julie Goncharov (Ph.D. 2015, now at the University of Tromsø) and Lavi Wolf (Ben-Gurion University of the Negev): "Granularity in the polarity system."
  • Fulang Cater Chen (MA 2017, now at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology): "Three anti-long-distance dependency effects in Mandarin BEI-constructions."

May 5, 2021

Research Groups: Friday, May 7

10:00 AM - 11:30 AM: Cognitive Science of Language Group
Yang Xu
(faculty, Department of Computer Science): "Chaining and the growth of word meaning."

Natural language relies on a finite lexicon to express a potentially infinite range of meanings. This tension creates a funnel effect where meanings are compressed through a limited set of words. Prior work suggests that word meanings are structured for efficient compression. I describe recent development that extends this work to investigate the cognitive mechanisms in the dynamic growth of word meaning through time. I first present work that synthesizes cognitive linguistic theories of chaining with classic models of categorization to predict the historical extension of numeral classifiers for emerging referents. I then present evidence that similar models of chaining predict children’s spatial word generalization. Our findings suggest that an exemplar-based model of chaining may underlie the general mechanisms in word meaning growth. I discuss applications of this work to natural language processing and implications for research in lexicon evolution.

May 4, 2021

Huberta in the U of T Magazine

In the latest issue of the U of T magazine, Huberta Chan (BA 2019) talks about a pivotal moment in her undergraduate education, which had been made possible by the U of T (Hong Kong) Foundation.

Huberta Chan (BA 2019 UC) received a foundation scholarship to study linguistics. She recalls that on the first day of her sociolinguistics class, the professor asked each student to introduce themselves with their name and the languages they spoke. 'The moment I demonstrated how to say hello in Cantonese was the very first time I was aware of feeling proud to be a native Cantonese speaker from Hong Kong," says Chan. "I had never appreciated the fact that I was bilingual."

She says her classmates spoke with similar pride about their own languages and cultures, and she grew interested in learning more about them. "My professor taught us that every language is special because behind each one are the culture and stories unique to the people who speak it," she says. "This is an idea I treasure to this day."

May 2, 2021

New paper: Hussain (2021)

Qandeel Hussain (postdoc) has a paper out in Speech Communication, 126: "Phonetic correlates of laryngeal and place contrasts of Burushaski."

Burushaski is an endangered language isolate spoken in Hunza, Nager, and Yasin valleys of Gilgit, Northern Pakistan. The present study investigates the acoustic correlates of Hunza Burushaski’s three-way stop laryngeal contrast (voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated, and voiced unaspirated) across five places of articulation (bilabial, dental, retroflex, palatal, and velar). A wide range of acoustic correlates were measured, including Voice Onset Time (VOT), fundamental frequency (f0), first four formants (F1, F2, F3, and F4), spectral moments of stop release bursts (spectral center of gravity, spectral standard deviation, spectral skewness, and spectral kurtosis), and spectral tilt (H1*–H2*, H1*–A1*, H1*–A2*, and H1*–A3*). The data were collected from four Burushaski speakers. The findings indicated that voiceless aspirated consonants exhibited longer Voice Onset Time and higher spectral tilt onsets than their voiceless unaspirated and voiced unaspirated counterparts. The fundamental frequency was raised in both voiceless series. Some acoustic measures (e.g., Voice Onset Time and fundamental frequency) were better indicators of the laryngeal contrasts while others (spectral moments) more reliably distinguished the place contrasts. The results of Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) showed that a combination of spectral tilt and Voice Onset Time are the best descriptors of the three laryngeal categories of Burushaski.

May 1, 2021

New paper: Schlegl and Tagliamonte (2021)

Lisa Schlegl (Ph.D.) and Sali A. Tagliamonte (faculty) have a new paper in the Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 66(1): "'How do you get to Tim Hortons?' Direction-giving in Ontario dialects."

In this study, we target the speech act of direction-giving using variationist sociolinguistic methods within a corpus of vernacular speech from six Ontario communities. Not only do we find social and geographical correlates to linguistic choices in direction-giving, but we also establish the influence of the physical layout of the community/place in question. Direction-giving in the urban center of Toronto (Southern Ontario) contrasts with five Northern Ontario communities. Northerners use more relative directions, while Torontonians use more cardinal directions, landmarks, and proper street names – for example, Go east on Bloor to the Manulife Centre. We also find that specific lexical choices (e.g., Take a right versus Make a right) distinguish direction-givers in Northern Ontario from those in Toronto. These differences identify direction-giving as an ideal site for sociolinguistic and dialectological investigation and corroborate previous findings documenting regional variation in Canadian English.